Understanding Self-Harm

What It Is, Why It Happens and How to Support Healing

Self-harm—also known as non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI)—is when a person intentionally hurts themselves as a way to cope with overwhelming emotional pain, stress, or mental health struggles. While self-harm is not typically a suicide attempt, it is a serious sign that someone is in emotional distress and needs support.

What Is Self-Harm?

Self-harm can take many forms, including:

  • Cutting or scratching the skin

  • Burning

  • Hitting or punching oneself

  • Pulling out hair

  • Picking at wounds to prevent healing. These actions are often used as a coping mechanism to express emotional pain, release tension or regain a sense of control when emotions feel unmanageable.

Why Do People Self-Harm?

Self-harm is a complex behavior with no single cause. It’s often linked to underlying mental health conditions, emotional trauma, or overwhelming stress. Some common contributing factors include:

  • Depression or anxiety

  • Low self-esteem or self-hatred

  • Bullying, abuse or trauma

  • Difficulty expressing emotions

  • Feeling emotionally numb or disconnected

  • Peer pressure or social influence (especially among teens)

While it may bring temporary relief, self-harm does not resolve the underlying issue—and over time, it can lead to greater emotional distress and physical risk.

Warning Signs of Self-Harm

Recognizing the signs is the first step toward helping someone in need. Look for:

  • Unexplained cuts, bruises, burns or scars

  • Wearing long sleeves or pants even in warm weather

  • Isolation or withdrawal from friends and family

  • Emotional instability, mood swings or frequent sadness

  • Possession of sharp objects or tools without clear reason

  • Expressing feelings of hopelessness or self-loathing

If you notice any of these signs in someone you care about, don’t ignore them—reach out with empathy and support.

How to Help Someone Who is Self-Harming

If someone confides in you—or if you suspect they may be self-harming—here are some ways to offer support:

✅ Stay calm and listen without judgment. Create a safe space for them to talk.


✅ Don’t focus only on the behavior. Ask what’s behind the pain.


✅ Encourage them to seek professional help. Therapists can help develop healthier coping strategies.


✅ Reassure them they are not alone. Remind them that help is available and that they are cared for.